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My experiences in installing IPOPT on Mac OS X

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by Peter Carbonetto
Dept. of Computer Science
University of British Columbia

IPOPT is asoftware package for solving nonlinear objectives subject to nonlinearconstraints. It uses primal-dual interior pointmethodology. Importantly, it is open source.

After a great deal of time and trouble, I managed to get in workingon my laptop which is running the Mac OS X operating system.¹ In the following, I detail myexperiences in installing the IPOPT package.

Succinctly put, the configure script did not work for IPOPT, so Ihad to install everything from scratch. While this was really quite alabourous process, I didn't know any other way of installing thepackage. On the bright side, I learned a lot about compiling fortranand C++, and linking object code, libraries and executables

1. Installing the Fortran compiler

The first problem I encounter is that I do not have a Fortran 77compiler installed on my machine. I do have the GNU C and C++compilers installed on my computer already (the programsgcc and g++), but the Fortran 77 compiler isalso needed to compile the BLAS, LAPACK and HSL routines. A lot ofpeople are upset that the GNU Fortran compiler g77 wasnot included with the AppleDeveloper Tools because installing it ourselves causes many extraheadaches. But we'll have to make do.

There are several ways I can install a Fortran compiler. One is bydownloading GNU Fortran compiler from the High Performance Computingwebpage. Another route is to install g77 via Fink. Instead, I'm going tofollow the route that gives me the most control: I will download andbuild the entire GNUCompiler Collection (GCC), then put the necessary files in theappropriate places. Even though this route is considerably morecomplicated, it will allow me to ensure that I have the correctversion of the compiler. You see, since I'm running Mac OS X 10.3.9 Ialready have gcc 3.3 installed on my computer in the/usr/bin/ directory. (It is easy to check the version bytyping gcc --version.) It is important that the compilersI'm using all belong from the same collection otherwise it is verylikely that I will undercover linking errors. I've decided todownload GCC 3.3.6 from my local university FTP mirror.

It is crucial that I do not follow the default installationfor GCC, because I may end up overwriting important files. The GCCinstallation instructions advise the same thing. Suppose that I'vechosen to install to the directorygcc-install. I've done so simply by passingthe option --prefix=gcc-install to theconfigure script. After following the correctinstallation steps and waiting a couple hours for the entire packageto be built, I now have a whole bunch of files and subdirectories ingcc-install. I'm only really interested inthe programs and libraries necessary for compiling and linking Fortrancode. I start by installing the Fortran 77 compiler with thecommand

In the end, I had installed the following files:

2. Building the BLAS, LAPACK and HSL libraries

Now that I have a Fortran 77 compiler installed on my system, Iproceed to build the libraries needed by IPOPT from scratch. First, Idownload the latest BLAS and LAPACK tarballs from the Netlib FTP repository. The BLASpackage just consists of a bunch of Fortran files. I compile each ofthe individual files into object code, starting with the filecaxpy.f:

This creates an object file caxpy.o. The rest of thefiles are compiled similarly. If you want to produce a shared library,you will want to include the -fPIC option. Also, I'venoticed that the -fexceptions option should not be usedas it causes linking errors down the road. Once I've compiled all theFortran code, I create a static library via the following commands:

I create the LAPACK library in precisely the same fashion, with thesame options passed to g77. The only difference is thatthe files in the LAPACK tarball are strewn about in varioussubdirectories. In brief, the quickest way to build the LAPACK libraryis to use the existing Makefile and type

at the command prompt with lapack/SRC being thecurrent directory. Before we do that, however, we need to modify a fewof the options passed to the Makefile. First, I movelapack/make.inc.example tolapack/make.inc. Looking at this file, I see that itspecifies among other things the program used to compile the Fortrancode, which is g77, exactly as I want it. Near the bottomof this text file, I change the variable LAPACKLIB to

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Now, I can type the make command in theSRC subdirectory and it should proceed to automaticallycreate the library (this takes about ten minutes on my computer).

Lastly, I create a library with the HSL subroutines. Afterfollowing the instructions in the IPOPT document for downloading thecode from the HSL Archive, I create the library with the followingcommands:

Now I'm ready to create the IPOPT library.

3. Building the IPOPT library

I will elect not to follow the standard installation instructions(since they didn't work) and instead build the IPOPT library byhand. Basically, I'm going to follow almost the same steps as I didbefore. The trickiest part is that I need to modify the fileIpopt/inc/config_ipopt.h manually; the configure scriptdoes this automatically. My file looked like

Next, I compile the C and C++ source files into object files. Forinstance, a create the object file IpAdaptiveMuUpdate.owith the command

where ipopt-include-dir is the directory containingall the .h and .hpp header files. And soon. Once I've compiled all the source files, I create the staticlibrary with the commands

Note that in most cases it will not make sense to archiveall the object files into the library. For instance, youshould not include IpMa57TSolverInterface.o unless youhave downloaded that solver (I didn't). By the same token, I didn'tinclude the code for interfacing with the AMPL and CUTEr.

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4. Testing the installation with an example

I can't be positive that we built the libraries correctly withouttrying to run a program that actually uses IPOPT. I try the Hock andSchittkowski nonlinear programming test example no. 71, which isincluded with the IPOPT tarball. After copying all the staticlibraries to libhome, I compile and link the codewith the following sequence of commands:

Now have a program which is executed by typing./hs071. Note that the order in which I included theobject files and libraries in the above lines is important. Theg2c library helps us link the Fortran object code to theC++ object code (recall that I placed this library in/usr/lib).

Footnotes

¹ More precisely, I'm using MacOS X version 10.3.9 (Panther), and I have a PowerPC G4 processor. Youmay find that the steps I follow apply to your system, even if itisn't the same process or version of the operating system.

Author

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython¶

Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Pythonwebsite (https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python,which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is availablethere.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

• A Python3.9 folder in your Applications folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; and PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder.

• A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.

4.1.1. How to run a Python script¶

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

• Drag it to PythonLauncher

• Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI¶

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.

With Python 3.9, you can use either python or pythonw.

4.1.3. Configuration¶

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.

4.2. The IDE¶

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttp://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages¶

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

• Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall).

• Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac¶

There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac¶

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.

4.6. Other Resources¶

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:

Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki: